Edwards developed the culture techniques that allowed a human egg to be fertilised outside the body for the first time in 1968, then spent years refining the process with Steptoe, who retrieved eggs from patients unable to conceive naturally. Their perseverance, against professional hostility and public scepticism, culminated on 25 July 1978, when Louise Brown was born at Oldham General Hospital the world's first baby conceived through in vitro fertilisation.
That single breakthrough opened the door to parenthood for more than four million families worldwide. In 2010, Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for a discovery that began as a rejected idea and became one of the great medical achievements of the twentieth century. See less
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